James Webb Space Telescope Reveals How Galaxies Made the Early Universe Transparent

Once upon a time, the cosmos was opaque. 

By analyzing new observations from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, a team led by Simon Lilly of ETH Zürich in Switzerland found evidence that galaxies that existed 900 million years after the Big Bang ionized the gas around them, causing it to become transparent.  (Image credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Simon Lilly (ETH Zürich), Daichi Kashino (Nagoya University), Jorryt Matthee (ETH Zürich), Christina Eilers (MIT), Rob Simcoe (MIT), Rongmon Bordoloi (NCSU), Ruari Mackenzie (ETH Zürich); Image Processing: Alyssa Pagan (STScI) Ruari Macken) 

Shortly after the Big Bang, the universe was a dark and mysterious place.  

And I mean really dark — the gas between stars and galaxies was opaque, so no light could shine through. As anyone who's ever looked through a telescope knows, that's no longer the case, since we can see celestial objects all throughout the universe from our vantage point here on Earth. But what caused the change in opacity? 

Using observations from NASA's James Webb Space Telescope, an international team of astronomers led by Simon Lilly of ETH Zürich in Switzerland has an answer. The team looked back in time at galaxies from the end of the Era of Reionization, a dramatic period in the universe's history in which gas was heated, cooled and then reionized (given an electrical charge once again).  

More than 13 billion years ago, during the Era of Reionization, the universe was a very different place. The gas between galaxies was largely opaque to energetic light, making it difficult to observe young galaxies. What allowed the universe to become completely ionized, leading to the "clear" conditions detected in much of the universe today? Researchers using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope found that galaxies are overwhelmingly responsible. (Image credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Joyce Kang (STScI)) 

Looking at those early galaxies, which existed just 900 million years after the Big Bang, the team saw that most of the gas in the universe was somewhere between opaque and transparent. But directly around the galaxies, everything was clear. 

"With Webb's data, we are seeing galaxies reionize the gas around them," Daichi Kashino of Japan's Nagoya University, lead author of a new paper sharing the team's results, said in a statement. 

NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope has returned extraordinarily detailed near-infrared images of galaxies that existed when the universe was only 900 million years old, including never-before-seen structures. These distant galaxies are clumpy, often elongated, and are actively forming stars. (Image credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Simon Lilly (ETH Zürich), Daichi Kashino (Nagoya University), Jorryt Matthee (ETH Zürich), Christina Eilers (MIT), Rob Simcoe (MIT), Rongmon Bordoloi (NCSU), Ruari Mackenzie (ETH Zürich); Image Processing: Alyssa Pagan (STScI), Ruari Macke) 

Imagine that each of these young galaxies was surrounded by a balloon. Energy from newly forming stars reionized the gas inside that balloon. As the galaxies grew, the bubbles of reionized gas merged, creating even larger pockets of transparency.

Eventually, they all combined to create a transparent universe. 

The team was able to see this phenomenon in action thanks to the illumination of a quasar, an extremely bright supermassive black hole. Turning Webb toward one particular quasar, the astronomers observed its light moving through the universe's gas, being absorbed by opaque gas in some areas and traveling through transparent gas in others.  

"By illuminating gas along our line of sight, the quasar gives us extensive information about the composition and state of the gas," Anna-Christina Eilers of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the lead author of another one of the team's newly released papers, said in the same statement. 

Next, the team will more deeply research galaxies in five other areas of the sky that all have a central quasar — shedding more light (pun intended) on the opacity of the early universe. 

The team announced these results in three papers published Monday (June 12) in The Astrophysical Journal. You can find them here, here and here. 

This article has been originally published by Space.com